Benjamin Graham
Principles
Repeatable rules that beginners can study and adapt.
Applicable principles
Separate market price from intrinsic value.
Require a meaningful margin of safety before buying.
Do not let short-term volatility define decision quality.
Investing is analysis, not guessing crowd emotion.
Turn these principles into a pre-investment checklist. If an idea cannot pass the checklist, staying out is often better than forcing action.